roots the work in pre-colonial Filipino folk magic—herbal charms, anting-anting (amulets), and incantations. It is not mere stage trickery but a spiritual technology often demonized by the Spanish friars as obra del demonio (work of the devil). Thus, Satanas enters not as a Western Lucifer in red tights, but as the colonial label slapped onto native babaylan and mangkukulam .
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