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Often the first sign of chronic pain, such as osteoarthritis or dental disease.

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: These are "typical" activities for a species, such as digging in dogs or cribbing in horses, which can signal underlying medical or environmental stress. Often the first sign of chronic pain, such

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Veterinary medicine has long relied on temperature, pulse, and respiration (TPR). But a growing body of evidence suggests a fourth metric is just as critical: , as expressed through behavior.